Outsourcing and Risks.Outsourced Software Products Essay

Outsourcing and Risks.Outsourced Software Products - Essay Example Companies generally opt for outsourcing to reduce production costs (i.e. outsource to a company that would develop the software in less cost), to access skilled labor force and knowledge expertise (i.e. when the in house employees do not have the essential domain knowledge and skills required for development and teaching costs would be too high and time consuming), to achieve on-time marketing (i.e. when the company cannot meet a deadline within the available time and resources) or to level workload (i.e. when the company cannot complete all tasks as per schedule). Although the service providing organizations offer outsourcing companies with opportunities towards stability, there are some basic challenges and risk involved in the various kinds of outsourcing means. When any of these services are taken from a company within the same geographical region, it refers to as domestic or onboard outsourcing; when acquired from neighbouring countries that are aware of the cultural status of o utsourcing company, it is called near-shore outsourcing and when the services are acquired from beyond national boundaries, it attributes to global or off-shore outsourcing. This document discusses a major common issue associated with these outsourcing means i.e. the maintenance of outsourced software. 2. Issues in Software Maintenance Software maintenance is usually the longest and most demanding phase in the software lifecycle model. New releases and upgrades make software outdated in no time. Therefore, software companies invest considerable resources in keeping the software in line with customers’ requirements even after the software is launched (Ahmed, 2006). For software maintenance, a company has two options; either to maintain it in-house which could induce a technical overhead or outsource the maintenance which imposes managerial overhead. Whether in-house or outsourced, when the various components of software are outsourced for development, the maintenance activitie s such as bug fixing, code maintenance, upgrades, hardware/software compatibility, testing, etc. becomes challenging. This is because the outsourced software could either be of fundamentally low quality or the associated documentation could be incomplete or poor. As a result of this, the contractor may have to invest extra budget in in-house maintenance of the developed product. For instance, a team would have to be arranged to reverse engineer the finished product and extract the missing details in the documentation or attain its better comprehension. In case of upgrades, its effects in the working of various components would have to be retested. Or the contractor could avoid the hassle and outsource the maintenance task by paying some extra. Both ways the objective of outsourcing which is to save cost is somewhat compromised in the maintenance (Earl, 1996). Secondly, if various components of the software are outsourced to different parties then in case any problem is found in the software product, none of the parties would take complete responsibility of the association of the problem to their developed component. And therefore, troubleshooting problems would get further complicated (Ahmed, 2006). Even besides testing, verifying and validating the software on test data, it could happen that the software shows different results when installed in the actual environment. In that case, the software maintenance crew (in-house or outsourced) would have to take over as the purchase would already have been made from the vendor. In case of poor documentation and low quality code, the maintenance team would be placed in a critical situation as the

Importance of International Organizations

Importance of International Organizations International Organizations (IOs) are formal institutional structures transcending national boundaries which are created by multilateral agreement among nation-states. Their purpose is to foster international cooperation in areas such as: security, law, economic, social matters and diplomacy. (Graham Newham , 1998, p. 270). IOs are subdivided between Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Intergovernmental Organizations are entities created with sufficient organizational structure and autonomy to provide formal, ongoing, multilateral processes of decision making between states, along with the capacity to execute the collective of their member (states) (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 15). NGOs are non-state voluntary organizations formed by individuals to achieve a common purpose, often oriented beyond themselves or to the public good (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 221). The development and expansion of these large representative bodies date back to the end of the World War II, where there was a need for world reconstruction through International Relations. Since then, there has been an incremental rise of organizations that work on different socio-political and economic aspects with various and specific aims in approaching states, societies, groups and individuals. Based on these key definitions, this essay will thus attempt to explain how important are IOs and the extent to which they have an impact on global politics and international relations through an analysis of two main IR scholar theories namely Realism and Liberalism. Moreover, to understand the impact of IOs, these theories will be explored and analysed through contexts of different and conflicting realist and liberalists thinkers upon their view on these institutional structures. It will also distinguish and compare the two theories and determine which is more relevant to the contemporary world international relations. Finally, the ultimate the goal of this essay is to support the view of liberalism, as the main concluding arguments rest upon the idea that global governance requires a set of different actors across that shape together the process of decision-making in international relations. Realism is an IR theory based a pessimistic view of human nature. Its central feature lies within the relative power of the state and as there is no world government to impose order and stability, states engage in self-help to ensure their basic survival interests notably (security , power capability and survival). Because of the absence of a world government, the world structure is anarchic and anarchy heightens the stakes of interaction so that competing interest have the potential to escalate into military interactions. The state is the national arbiter who judges its foreign policies. As much emphasis is put on the power capabilities of the state in the international system, realists pay little attention in regards to IOs as they play little influence in global governance. States would never cede to international institutions and IOs and similar institutions are of little interest; they merely reflect national interests and power and do not constrain powerful states (Diehl Frede rking, 2010). One example is the United States hegemony and the use of IOs as means for expansion of power, pursue their self-interest and guarantee security. For example, realists would argue that most of the IGOs that serve as a backbone for contemporary international cooperation can be traced to American hegemony in the immediate aftermath of WW2. The United States promoted the creation of the UN as an umbrella organization for treaty-based cooperation in a variety of global concerns and issue areas. It also oversaw the creation of the International Monetary (IMF), the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with the express goal of encouraging cooperative economic exchange and also as instruments designed for continuing utility of U.S policies (Weiss Wilkinson , 2014, p. 295). Even the Soviet Union used Mutual Economic assistance to organize economic relations within the eastern bloc. Powerful states structure organizations to further their own interes ts but must do so in a way that it induces weaker states to participate (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 33). Liberalism is a post-war framework for world politics based on the construction of a global, legal and political system which go beyond the state and afford the protection to all human subjects. (Jackson Sorensen, 2007). The theory is mainly subdivided by two strands; firstly, interdependence liberalism which studies modernization as ways of increasing the level of interdependence of states; and secondly, institutional liberalism which studies international institutions as mechanisms of promoting cooperation between states. The theory mainly bases its assumptions upon positive human progress and modernization in which they together will eventually lead to cooperation. Modernization is the process of involving progress in most areas in life as well as the development of a modern state. This process enlarges the scope of cooperation across international boundaries. Due to modernization, cooperation based on mutual interests will prevail that is because modernization increases the leve l and scope of transnational relations where transactions costs are lower and levels of higher interdependence are high. Under complex interdependence, transnational actors are increasingly important, military force is a less useful instrument and welfare, (not security) is becoming a primary goal and concern of states (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 107). Therefore when there is a high degree of interdependence, states will often set up international institutions to deal with common problems and maximize welfare. These institutions are designed to promote cooperation across international boundaries by providing information and lowering costs. Institutions can be formal organizations such WTO (World Trade Organization) and EU (European Union), or they can be less formal sets of agreements such as the so-called regimes. For liberals, international cooperation and progress are the central features that drive states, IOs and non-state actors. These different institutions are responsible f or managing transnational problems in a peaceful, human and legal way. It is also important to emphasize the structural change in international relations during post-Cold War period that have empowered new types of actors and opened new opportunities for them to act. Such changes also include: globalization and privatization/deregulation. Globalization has undermined the correspondence between social action and he territory enclosed by states border. Ideas about human rights have become platforms for social connections between people across the globe. The Thatcher and Reagan-led privatization and deregulation in the 1980s revolution has compounded this change in relations between states and social power; States transferred public enterprises and state functions to private actors and increasingly encouraged private actors to finance policies such as education, municipal services and even security, which has been part on the pivotal role of many corporation social responsibility (CSR) programmes (Avant , et al., 2010, p. 5). Global change also owes much t o the end of the cold war, where a variety of political, economic and security realms, activists and organizations began to push for change. With the triumph of the United States and the liberal model, privatization and deregulation ideas emboldened many organizations to drop the cold-war style of bipolarity of states and push for liberal capitalist change that embodied presence of a variety of actors (Avant , et al., 2010, p. 6). Indeed great proliferation of non-state actors such as NGOs has happened since the 1980s with more than 4,000 International Non-government Organizations (INGOs) and has increased until current years to nearly 8,000 INGOs and several millions national and indigenous NGOs (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 230). The role of these NGOs is explained by a varied number of functions and roles they exert. NGOs can seek the best venues to present issues and to apply pressure. They can provide new ideas and draft texts for multilateral treaties; they can monitor human rights and environmental norms; participate in global conferences and raise issues, submit position papers and lobby for viewpoint; and ultimately they can perform functions of governance in absence of state authority (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 235). Large numbers of NGOs are involved in humanitarian relief, from large international NGOs to small, locally based groups. The Red Cross, Doctors without borders, the International Rescue Committee and Oxfam are among hundreds of international humanitarian relief organizations involved in complex emergencies such as the conflicts in Somalia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia, the genocides in Rwanda and Darfur and natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 224). Participation by NGOs has also increasingly been involved within UN summit and global conferences. NGOs are increasingly viewed by those in the UN system as partners or stakeholders in multitasker coalitions. This is evident in the Global compact on corporate social responsibility, which aims to bring multinationals and NGOs into partnership with the UN. Likewise, the Millennium Development Goals propose partnerships for development, calling for all actors including NGOs to cooperate in achieving those goals. In 2002, around 3,200 NGOs were represented at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Also UN specialized agencies work in conjunction with NGOs. Most UN agencies with field programmes and offices, now contract with NGOs to provide services and decision-making in areas of Humanitarian relief and economic development. For example, many services including food, medicine are chased by the UNHCR and WFP and delivered to the local population by C ARE, Doctors without Borders or Oxfam. Whether an NGO is focused on human rights, peace, disarmament, indigenous peoples’ rights, labour rights, climate change, or tropical forests, it is clear that they have become an important actor in world politics as they often to seek to change the policies and behavior of both governments and IGOs. Disagreement between realism and liberalism as well as other IR theories is not over the existence of institutions or the fact that they are found where cooperation is high but rather on the claim that whether they are more than statecraft instruments and have an independent impact (Weiss Wilkinson , 2014, p. 7). As realists would conceive it, IOs offer little change to the perpetual power struggle as they cannot change the human nature desire for power nor can they change the nature of the anarchical system. On the other hand, liberalists cannot imagine a contemporary world where governments act solo. Cooperation has made states very interdependent and has also opened new paths for new actors that are willing to work more efficiently together. IR is not only a study of relations between international governments. Overlapping interdependent relations between people and voluntary organizations are bound to be more cooperative than relations between states because states are exclusive and their interests do not overlap and cross-cut (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 102). Liberals also emphasize that states interest have changed throughout history. Whereas before it was a matter of security and power, today more primacy has been given towards economic development and trade. Throughout history states have sought power by means of military force and territorial expansion. But for highly industrialized countries economic development and foreign trade are more adequate and less costly means of achieving prominence and prosperity; that is because the costs of using force have increased and the benefits have declined. (Jackson Sorensen, 2007, p. 102). Realists though maintain that the state is the ultimate authority, they are the ones to sign interstate treaties, create international law, and promulgate wide-ranging rules to initiate, regulate, and govern activity desired. States are by no means alone in this endeavor. They explanation on powerful states using IGOs as means to achieve their ends can be implemented on UN permanent members of the security council which is formed by the most powerful states, that have larger power than other UN member states. Also, there has been many situations where IGOs have failed to constrain powerful states from acting in a certain way, for example, during the cold war, the security council was much ineffective in solving large differences between the U.S and the Soviet Union, more recently Russia’s occupation of Crimea in which no IGO (including the UN) prevented such act from happening. In regards to NGOs, realists explain that they hardly appear as viable international actors. They po se no threat to state sovereignty. While state and non-sate actors may have differentiated responsibilities, ultimately authority rests with the state and that is the essence of sovereignty. The role of states remains central to global governance, no matter how much political authority is decentralized and power diffused to the burgeoning non-state actors (Karns Mingst , 2010, p. 253). Liberals on the other hand acknowledge that powerful states will not easily be completely constrained. However, institutional liberals do not agree with the realist view that international institutions are a mere scrape of paper, that they are completely mercy of powerful states. International institutions are more than mere handmaidens of strong states (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 32). Liberals argue that there is credibility and functionality within IOs in influencing international relations and that they attempt to critic realists idea of IOs as mere instruments led by powerful states but rather they are led universally by different member states and other actors. For example, when the United States decided to reverse the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, it did not act unilaterally as it turned to the United Nations Security Council. Similarly, when the International Community sought to maintain the suspension of combat in Bosnia, it did not rely on national efforts, it sent in peacekeep ing units under the aegis of the UN and NATO (Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 27). In regards to non-state actors, such as NGOs, liberals argue that in few cases NGOs can take the place of states, either performing services that an inept or corrupt government is not doing, or stepping in for a failed state. For example, Bangladesh hosts the largest NGO sector in the world (more than 20,000) responding to what Bangladeshi describe as ‘the failure of government to provide public goods and look after the poor, and the failure of the private sector to provide enough employment opportunities (draws on Waldman 2003) NGOs have taken on roles in education, health, agriculture, and microcredit, all of which originally were government functions (Waldman, 2003 cited in Karns Mingst, 2010, p. 224). Liberals argue that realism fails to read contemporary international order correctly. A priori privileges the states, misses the importance of non-state actors, fails to recognize the social const ruction of IR because of its rationalist assumptions and its fatalistic tendencies counsel conservative foreign policies that reinforce power politics and hence its own explanations for world affairs (Weiss Wilkinson , 2014, p. 102). To conclude, it is imperative that one acknowledges Global governance in assessing who exercises power in decision-making. Based on the arguments on this essay, one would mostly agree that no government/state can govern/act alone. The growing authority of a wide variety of agents/actors can also add potential partners to states and distributing different tasks to different actors. By working collectively, one can certainly argue that multilateralism often requires a network of cooperation that leads to interdependence between different actors whether they are states, IOs or non-state actors, thus after all ‘It is impossible to imagine a contemporary international life without formal organizations.’ (Schermers and Blokker, 1995 cited in Diehl Frederking, 2010, p. 28). Bibliography Avant , D., Finnemore , M. Sell , S. eds., 2010. Who governs the Globe? . In: Who governs the Globe? . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-31. Diehl, P. Frederking, B., 2010. The Politics of Global Governance: international Organizations in an Independent World. 4th ed. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Graham , E. Newham , J., 1998. Dictionary of International Relations. 1st ed. London: Penguin Books. Jackson , R. Sorensen, G., 2007. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press . Karns, M. Mingst , K., 2010. International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. 2nd ed. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Weiss , T. Wilkinson , R., 2014. International Organization and Global Governance. 2014 ed. Oxford : Routledge.

Affirming Discourse :: Julia Cameron Attention Literature Essays

Affirming Discourse Both the Malcolm X "Coming to Awareness of Writing" reading selection form The Autobiography of Malcolm X and Julia Cameron’s essay "A Few Irresistible Reasons for Paying Attention" are great examples of using different ways to heal mental pain by paying attention to a particular subject. The Julia Cameron’s essay shows the examples of Julia’s and her grandmother Mimi’s life, which reveal reasons for paying attention. First, Julia shows her grandmother’s life and how she by paying close attention to her big interest, observing flora and fauna behaviors, heals her "mental pain": Mimi's husband, my grandfather Daddy Howard, an elegant rascal with a gambler's smile and a loser's luck, had made and lost several fortunes, the last of them permanently. He drank them away, gambled them away, tossed them away the way Mimi threw crumbs to her birds. He squandered life's big chance the same way she savored its small ones. "That man," my mother would say (167). Second, Julia found out the importance of paying attention as a means to heal mental pain after her marriage blew apart. She moved to a different place and lived alone, trying to survive as long as the pain will go away. She learned that her attention to the cat was an act of connection. By accident, she met a new friend, a gray striped cat [Its normal for a lonely human being finding something interesting in his/her environment]. After a while they get used to each other. By spending more time with the cat, Julia's pain began to go away. The in third reason she found out that pain taught her to pay attention: Writing about attention, I see that I have written a good deal about pain. This is no coincidence. It may be different for others, but pain is what it took to teach me to pay attention. In time of pain, when the future is too terrifying to contemplate and the past too painful to remember, I have learned to pay attention to right now. The precise moment I was in was always the only safe place for me (168). She healed the pain or she knew that the pain was always bearable. The Malcolm X article illustrate his life in the prison. This part shows an interesting and strong approaching to life. In this few paragraphs Malcolm X is trying to show a view for reader how he has came to the awareness of English language in time he was cut away form the world.

Birmingham International Airport – Competitors

Like any other airport, Birmingham International has enough competitors that want their own share of its market. The theory is the bigger the better, and better = more profit. This means that BIA will keep having to continually renew their prices so that they stay ahead of the market, and cause their opposition to loose out. I will now discover how BIA keeps ahead of their game, consistently from year to year. One way that BIA keeps ahead is making sure that the facilities that they offer are up to scratch at all times, and they constantly update them to meet demand, and maintain them if necessary (such as toilets etc). BIA have also displayed instances where they care for the customer, one by investing in the EuroHub tunnel, and the other by adding an ‘Air-Rail' link to the airport, one of this have decreased the flight transfer times dramatically, and the other has made the travelling times lower than they were before. By creating and maintaining these type of facilities, they do not award their competitors the opportunity to beat them at their own game, and therefore will always stay on top, which has been proven in my other parts of work (how big they are). Referencing to the ‘Master Plan' again, they are going to develop the airport fore dramatically which shows again they are always growing bigger, and reducing the opportunity for any other airports to get in edgeways. If you were to contrast this airport against their major rivals you will see that London's Heathrow has become the biggest mainly because of the flights, facilities and the number of runways that are on offer. An airport that is hardly referenced to is ‘Heathrow' whom is growing at a rate like BIA, as they too have released plans to increate their traffic to 30,000,000 passengers flying with them every year, which was names the ‘Development Strategy for the year 2005'. Airport are no longer about providing solely the best flights, but they are about providing the best overall facilities to their customers, and if they fail to do this, you may see that in the future, they could loose out on potential customers. Alike with any business, BIA would encourage all customers to use the facilities more, an implying to use their competitors less! Despite this, you cannot persuade someone to travel from Heathrow to Birmingham so they can fly internationally, as this would not make sense if they could fly from their local airport, unless there were exquisite travel links, which took a fraction of the time that they should have. As a result of this, they would only try to tap the market that are available to them, which may result as far out as London, but if their campaigns produced results, then this would be all worth while. For example, London's Heathrow have an internal ‘train' system that will connect you from terminal to terminal, which I have personally experiences. This is like no other, and the facilities that are provided by them are excellent (not that I have tried BIA's personally), so I would find that hard to beat. On the other hand, if the facilities of BIA are anything like theirs, then they would stand a chance of matching the size of Heathrow, but this would not happen with the right staff motivation, capital and long term experience. One of the main factors within the competition is the flights, or even the lack off, and prices. For example, if someone in the vicinity of BIA is charged double that to fly to the destination they want that Heathrow is quoting, then it would obviously make sense for them to go to a different airport, which would mean BIA will loose customers quickly. The rule â€Å"it's 8 times harder to win an old customer back as to gain a new one† takes a leading role here. Providing that BIA has the right accessibility to their airports, and the fact that they offer good prices would mean that they will be quite successful in the long term. As you can see from my research below (provided courtesy of Expedia.co.uk), there are major price variations with the same flights: Birmingham International Airport Global: Adults: 2 | Children: 0 As you can see from my research above, it is not completely obvious who is the cheapest in the market, because it depends solely upon where the flight's destination is. For example: * At the specified time period, BIA was the cheapest to fly to Barcelona * In spite of this, they were the most expensive to fly to Copenhagen (When compared to Gatwick and Heathrow) I believe that the reason that BIA cannot be the cheapest for all of the available flights is because of the fact that if a fly is not popular, they would not fly that often, so tickets may be more expensive (for advanced bookings). As everyone has witnessed over the past year or so, each of the airports has had to dramatically increase the security due to terror attacks. They've had to reduce the number of liquids that you may carry on a flight, and they have diverted even entire flights because they thought there was a suspected attack, where 99% of the time, the were wrong. This shows that competition for security is not always good, as it may put of even the most frequent flyers because of all of the security checks that are involved.

HR Plan of Action for QV Solar LLC Essay

QV Solar LLC has experienced rapid growth that has seen an increase it its staff from 15 to 54 last year in spite of the global economic recession. In order to maintain the position and develop the company as a â€Å"green† company, the Company’s HR proposes a series of strategies that will encourage change and an increase in productivity. The policies will mainly focus primarily on improving the efficiency of the Company’s current workforce since hiring of new employees will not be an immediate viable scheme. The plan will target making the staff understand the company’s mission better by reevaluating their roles and understanding what is specifically expected of them for enhanced success of the company. In order to realize effective change among staff, the HR will target capacity building and teamwork as key concepts of management and ensure that adequate resources are provided to facilitate creation of an environment that favors much success. The HR will design a structure that facilitates constructive feedback from all departments in order to facilitate a systematic flow of information at various organization levels. The smooth flow of information will ultimately lead to the development of better opportunities for a more rapid growth of the company. QV Solar LLC’s HR Plan of Action will be based on Joel Ross and Michael Kami’s opinion that â€Å"managers should avoid organizational rigor mortis†¦ that change is inevitable, and the organization as well as its people must accommodate the change (McConnell 315). The plan of action will also embrace the fact that the only thing that lasts in organizations is change. That change is with organizations and keeps accelerating them. This change will not be produced by internal action only but will also be a factor of external actions- such as consideration of the value of customers to the company (McConnell 315). The HR will focus on changes in product innovation by ensuring that solar panels are tailored as per customer specifications. In order to achieve this, QV Solar LLC should focus on feedback from staff when they install solar panels for customers. Along this line, staff should be trained to facilitate better installation and human relation with customers. The training program will entail integration of staff and customer ideas to ensure that the solar panels are of the highest quality and thus promote QV Solar LLC as a â€Å"greener† company. The training program will be followed by a follow-up evaluation to monitor its effectiveness with a view that customers’ ideas are vital for the Company’s success. The Company’s objective to maintain a clean environment will be facilitated by incorporating customers in a program where they can return their panels to the company for recycling as a means of exercising corporate responsibility. This will also emphasize the fact that change is realized not only from within an organization but also from customers and the prevailing environment. In order to capture a larger share of the market, the HR will review staff performance from time to time and ensure that their skills are constantly ameliorated. This will be will be achieved by ensuring that the employees can work in various departments in different capacities in order to develop a multiplicity of skills that will enhance the company’s productivity without necessarily having to hire more staff. In summary, QV Solar LLC’s Plan of Action will entail strategies that aim at improving productivity by improving the efficiency of employees while recognizing the customer as the most important part of the organization.

Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Essay Example

Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Essay Example Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Paper Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Paper Essay Topic: Literature The word deserve means to be entitled to or worthy of. The characters in Silas Marner have things happen to them some beneficial and some detrimental. These are usually a result of what has happened in the past. Many of the characters act foolishly and get what they deserve in return for their foolishness, but others suffer in return for other characters mistakes. Different characters act in different ways when exploring their actions what they deserve will be easily seen. Fair is fair but how fair has George Eliot been to these characters? Silas Marner is one of the only characters that one could say suffers greatly for another characters mistakes. Silas, a man who believes faithfully in G-D, lives in a religious community called Lantern Yard in an industrial town, before he moves to Raveloe. Lantern Yard is a close community; everyone including Silas would go to church together every Sunday. Undeservingly Silas is betrayed by what he thinks is a good friend in the community. He is affected deeply by the betrayal and moves to Raveloe where he begins to live his life in isolation. He loses all trust in man and becomes only involved in material things like his pot which had been his companion for twelve years. When the earthenware pot breaks Silas reaction shows that the sap of affection was not all gone. Silass heart at this stage is not completely devoid of human feeling. He becomes however, increasingly dependant on his gold and each night he closed his shutters, and made fast his doors, and drew forth his gold. As Silas grows older with just inanimate companions his heart grows harder. His gold, as he hung over it and saw it grow, gathered his power of loving together into a hard isolation like its own. The gold represents the hardness of his heart and shows that he is yearning for a human companion. William Dane stole Silass fiance and accused him of being the person that stole money from the church. William Dane the man who betrays Silas was the character who really deserved to live his life in isolation not Silas. One can see from where Silas has chose n to live that he has lost all trust in man and is secluding himself from the new community he has moved to. Silas had been a trusting man before the betrayal The prominent eyes that used to look trusting. He hardly communicates or socializes with anyone from Raveloe until the day that Dunstan Cass steals his only companion, his gold. Silas makes a big step in turning to his community for help. Silas does not help himself in making friends in the community, fifteen years since Silas Marner had first come to Raveloe, he invited no comer to step across his door-sill, and he never strolled into the village to drink a pint at the rainbow. This shows that it is not only the villagers that exclude Silas but also shows that Silas secludes himself. The villagers who never really speak to Silas are eager to hear about the robbery, they are intrigued as this is the first time Silas had ever come to them. Silas did nothing to deserve such a tragic thing to happen to him but it was for the good, it brought him out of his hibernation and enabled him to deserve to have Eppie. Godfrey named by his neighbo urs as a fine open-faced good natured young man is the opposite of what people think of him. Godfrey has much to hide and is in fact not at all open faced. Godfrey is unable to be happy and completely open-faced as he has a secret that he has yet to share. His wife Molly Farren is an opium addict and an alcoholic which, Godfrey most likely did not know until the two were married. Dunstan urged him into a secret marriage, which was a blight on his life. The word urged suggests that Godfrey did not wish to marry Molly but was pushed into it. He manages to take some responsibility for the marriage and does not just blame it all on his brothers wrong doings. the delusion was partly due to a trap laid for him by Dunstan. This shows Godfreys ability to know what is right and what is wrong. This also reveals to the reader that he is able to take some responsibility for his actions. Godfreys father, Squire Cass used to be married to Godfrey and Dunstans mother until she passed away many years ago. It shows from the description of the goings on in the Cass house that they are without a female touch in the house. coats and hats flung on the chairs half-choked fire, they seem to be disorganized and uncaring about the mess they create. The description of the house shows the moral dissolution in Cass house. Godfrey is told by his father that he is a shilly-shally fellow, he understands his sons true problem even though his father spends the majority of his time in The Rainbow. Godfrey is described by Eliot as having natural irresolution and moral cowardice which are the main reasons for his unhappiness. Godfrey knows what is right and what is wrong but he is like Dunstan in the way that he does not act on what he knows. Even though he knows that he should tell his father about his secret marriage to Molly Farren instead of paying Dunstan not to tell anyone he does not. He cannot make his mind up and do what he knows is right instead of what he thinks is right. Godfrey is lucky in that both his Brother Dunstan and Molly Farren die before anyone finding out his painful secret. He is able to marry Nancy Lammeter, a rich villager. He thinks if he were to marry her she would put order in his disorganized life. The name Eliot has used for Nancys last name Lammeter is a word that suggests measure and order Meter. Godfrey thinks that now no one will ever find out about his secret marriage he can become a nicer less bitter person. Godfrey and Nancy have a child who dies at a young age, which makes Godfrey again into a bitter person. Godfrey has a child with Molly Farren, a daughter Eppie. Godfrey never until his brothers body is recovered tells anyone about Eppie being his daughter. When Dunstans body is found Godfrey decides to tell the truth about Molly and Eppie. He expects Nancy to act in to the opposite way that she does, she shows some sort of sympathy for Godfrey but wonders why he did not tell her sooner then sixteen years later. Nancy and Godfrey cannot have children so they decide to take back what Godfrey thinks is rightfully his, they decide they want to adopt Eppie. Godfrey does not consider the fact that Eppie has grown attached to Silas. She is now eighteen and has grown up with Silas being her true father she explains to Godfrey and Nancy that she wants to stay with Silas and does not want to live with them. Godfrey did not have the right to ask to adopt Eppie; now that he could not have children he decides he wants Eppie when all those years went passed where he wants nothing to do with her or her mother. He was the blood relation to Eppie and in some ways should have been able to adopt her considering she is his child, but she is no longer a child. Godfrey did nothing to deserve Eppie, to ignore ones own child for so long and then suddenly want them is morally unmerited. Godfrey waited too long to release his secrets. He deserved to keep Nancy, he did admit what he had done wrong which was hard for him to do but because it took him so long to do right, he did not manage or deserve to get all that he wanted. Eppie is just a child when she is introduced into the novel, by her mother Molly Farren who is an alcoholic and opium addict. Eppies true father is Godfrey who has nothing to do with her until she is eighteen years old. Eppie is just a child and does not deserve to have parents that do not love her and care for her. She is alone in this world until thankfully she finds Silas. Nancy is quite naive at times but she is seen to be a morally correct character. Due to Godfreys wrongful deeds she is unable to have children with him as he has done nothing to deserve them, and has done everything to not deserve them. Nancy does get the love of Godfrey at the end of the novel which is what they both deserve, to be happy as Godfrey finally lets out the truth and Nancy in the end becomes more open minded. Dunstan also known as Dunsey, is described by his neighbours as a spiteful jeering fellow, who seemed to enjoy his drink more when other people went dry. He does not care about what people think of him as long as he gets his way. His elder brother Godfrey is in agreement with his neighbours as he believes that Dunstan would sell himself, if it was only for the pleasure of making somebody feel hed got a bad bargain. He is extremely jealous of Godfrey and as the reader can see does everything he can to get Godfrey in situations he cannot get out of. Dunstan often does selfish things in a malicious way. Dunstan, few years ago tempted his brother to marry a low class working woman. Elliot does not say exactly how Dunstan managed to do this, but the description of the situation shows that Godfrey thinks the delusion was partly due to a trap laid for him by Dunstan. He plans to inherit his fathers wealth and house by pushing Godfrey to the edge until he tells his father about his secret marriage. One dark night Dunstan is returning home after leaving Wildfire, Godfreys horse, to die after being hurt by Dunstans lack of care. While passing Silas Marners cottage he sees a gleaming of light which came from the cottage. Dunstans first thought when seeing the cottage was the rumours about Silas Marners gold. Dunstan considers carrying out one of his ideas he calls cheating a man by making him believe that he would be paid. It did not take much for Dunstan to carry out his idea, he proceeds with knocking loudly, rather enjoying the idea that the old fellow would be frightened at the sudden noise. There was no answer at the door so Dunstan felt it appropriate to push his fingers through the latch hole. He convinces himself that Silas has fallen down into the stone pit and is dead, so it is only fair that he takes the precious gold. Dunstan leaves the cottage after taking the money and finds it difficult to see, later in the novel the reader learns Dunstan never managed to make it home. Sixteen years passes with hardly any mention of Dunstans whereabouts, when suddenly his body is discovered and he is said to have fallen into the stone pit with Silass money and Godfreys gold riding whip. Ironically he had fallen in the Stone pit where he had originally thought Silas was. One could say George Eliot gave Dunstan what he deserved and one could say that she did not and that Dunstan did not deserve to die. He did wrong to Silas, his brother Godfrey and his Familys name. He took pleasure in others pain and never stopped to think about how his actions effect someone else. Dunstan never considered doing a kind act while he was alive. He only considered doing wrong he deserved the punishment he received. Dunstan was given what he deserved but in an ironic way, he had convinced himself that Silas Marner had fallen and died in the stone pit but he was wrong and it ended up him falling in the stone pit and dying. In this way Dunstan is seen to be getting what he deserved. Godfrey I think does get what he deserves, he did wrong by not claiming Eppie and telling her she was his daughter, and he lied to his friends and family. Godfreys good intentions are rewarded along with the bad things he has done. He gets what he deserves like Eppie not wanting to be adopted by him. Silas, the man who does no wrong gets the most out of all the characters in the book. He was betrayed in the beginning and Eppie to make up for it. He ends up in the end keeping Eppie with him, getting his gold back and becoming a much more sociable person. He deserved good to happen to him especially after Dunstan stealing his gold. Silas deserved every good thing he got. With this in mind I have recognised that George Eliots has been fair and makes sure the characters get exactly what they deserve.

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda Edward Bernays was an American business consultant who is widely regarded as having created the modern profession of public relations with his groundbreaking campaigns of the 1920s. Bernays attained clients among major corporations and became known for boosting their business by causing changes in public opinion. Advertising was already commonplace by the early 20th century. But what Bernays did with his campaigns was significantly different, as he didnt openly seek to promote a particular product the way a typical ad campaign would. Instead, when hired by a company, Bernays would set out to change the opinions of the general public, creating demand which would indirectly boost the fortunes of a particular product. Fast Facts: Edward Bernays Born: November 22, 1891 in Vienna AustriaDied: March 9, 1995 in Cambridge, MassachusettsParents: Ely Bernays and Anna FreudSpouse: Doris Fleishman (married 1922)Education: Cornell UniversityNotable Published Works: Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923),  Propaganda  (1928),  Public Relations  (1945),  The Engineering of Consent  (1955)Famous Quote: Whatever of social importance is done today, whether in politics, finance, manufacture, agriculture, charity, education, or other fields, must be done with the help of propaganda. (from his 1928 book Propaganda) Some of Bernays public relations campaigns failed, but some were so successful that he was able to create a thriving business. And, making no secret of his family relationship to Sigmund Freud- he was the nephew of the pioneering psychoanalyst- his work had the veneer of scientific respectability. Bernays was often portrayed as the father of propaganda, a title he did not mind. He maintained that propaganda was a laudable and necessary component of democratic government. Early Life Edward L. Bernays was born on November 22, 1891, in Vienna, Austria. His family emigrated to the United States a year later, and his father became a successful grain merchant on the New York commodity exchanges. His mother, Anna Freud, was the younger sister of Sigmund Freud. Bernays did not grow up in contact with Freud directly, though as a young man he did visit him. Its unclear how much Freud influenced his work in the publicity business, but Bernays was never shy about the connection and it no doubt helped him attract clients. After growing up in Manhattan, Bernays attended Cornell University. It was his fathers idea, as he believed his son would also enter the grain business and a degree from Cornells prestigious agriculture program would be helpful. Bernays was an outsider at Cornell, which was largely attended by the sons of farming families. Unhappy with the career path chosen for him, he graduated from Cornell intent on becoming a journalist. Back in Manhattan, he became the editor of a medical journal. Early Career His position at the Medical Review of Reviews led to his first foray into public relations. He heard that an actor wanted to produce a play that was controversial, as it dealt with the subject of venereal disease. Bernays offered to help and essentially turned the play into a cause, and a success, by creating what he called the Sociological Fund Committee, which enlisted notable citizens to praise the play. After that first experience, Bernays began working as a press agent and built a thriving business. During World War I he was rejected for military service due to his poor vision, but he offered his public relations services to the U.S. government. When he joined the governments Committee of Public Information, he enlisted American companies doing business overseas to distribute literature about Americas reasons for entering the war. After the end of the war, Bernays traveled to Paris as part of a government public relations team at the Paris Peace Conference. The trip went badly for Bernays, who found himself in conflict with other officials. Despite that, he came away having learned a valuable lesson, which was that wartime work changing public opinion on a grand scale could have civilian applications. Noteworthy Campaigns Following the war, Bernays continued in the public relations business, seeking out major clients. An early triumph was a project for President Calvin Coolidge, who projected a stern and humorless image. Bernays arranged for performers, including Al Jolson, to visit Coolidge at the White House. Coolidge was portrayed in the press as having fun, and weeks later he won the election of 1924. Bernays, of course, took credit for changing the publics perception of Coolidge. One of the most famous Bernays campaigns was while working for the American Tobacco Company in the late 1920s. Smoking had caught on among American women in the years following World War I, but the habit carried a stigma and only a fraction of Americans found it acceptable for women to smoke, especially in public. Bernays began by spreading the idea, through various means, that smoking was an alternative to candy and desserts and that tobacco helped people lose weight. He followed that up in 1929 with something more audacious: spreading the idea that cigarettes meant freedom. Bernays had gotten the idea from consulting with a New York psychoanalyst who happened to be a disciple of his uncle, Dr. Freud. Bernays was informed that women of the late 1920s were seeking freedom, and smoking represented that freedom. To find a way to convey that concept to the public, Bernays hit upon the stunt of having young women smoke cigarettes while strolling in the annual Easter Sunday parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Scene at 1929 Freedom Torches event arranged by Edward Bernays.   Getty Images The event was carefully organized and essentially scripted. Debutantes were recruited to be the smokers, and they were carefully positioned near particular landmarks, such as St. Patricks Cathedral. Bernays even arranged for a photographer to shoot images just in case any newspaper photographers missed the shot. The next day, the New York Times published a story on the annual Easter celebrations and a sub-headline on page one read: Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of Freedom. The article noted about a dozen young women strolled back and forth near St. Patricks Cathedral, ostentatiously smoking cigarettes. When interviewed, the women said the cigarettes were torches of freedom that were lighting the way to the day when women would smoke on the street as casually as men. The tobacco company was happy with the results, as sales to women accelerated. A wildly successful campaign was devised by Bernays for a longtime client, Procter Gamble for its Ivory Soap brand. Bernays devised a way of making children like soap by initiating soap carving contests. Children (and adults, too) were encouraged to whittle bars of Ivory and the contests became a national fad. A newspaper article in 1929 about the companys fifth annual soap sculpture contest mentioned that $1,675 in prize money was being awarded, and many contestants were adults and even professional artists. The contests continued for decades (and instructions for soap sculpture are still part of Procter Gamble promotions). Influential Author Bernays had started in public relations as a press agent for various performers, but by the 1920s he saw himself as a strategist who was elevating the entire business of public relations into a profession. He preached his theories on shaping public opinion at university lectures and also published books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) and Propaganda (1928). He later wrote memoirs of his career. His books were influential, and generations of public relations professionals have referred to them. Bernays, however, came in for criticism. He was denounced by the magazine Editor and Publisher as the young Machiavelli of our time, and he was often criticized for operating in deceptive ways. Legacy Bernays has been widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of public relations, and many of his techniques have become commonplace. For instance, the Bernays practice of forming interest groups to advocate for something is reflected daily in the commentators on cable television who represent interest groups and think tanks that seem to exist to confer respectability. Often speaking out in retirement, Bernays, who lived to the age of 103 and died in 1995, was often critical of those who seemed to be his heirs. He told the New York Times, in an interview conducted in honor of his 100th birthday, that any dope, any nitwit, any idiot, can call him or herself a public relations practitioner. However, he said he would be happy to be called the father of public relations when the field is taken seriously, like law or architecture. Sources: Edward L. Bernays. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2004, pp. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernays, Edward L. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, et al., vol. 4: 1994-1996, Charles Scribners Sons, 2001, pp. 32-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Death Valley, the Lowest and Hottest Place in the U.S.

Death Valley, the Lowest and Hottest Place in the U.S. Death Valley is a large part of the Mojave Desert located in California near its border with Nevada. Most of Death Valley is in Inyo County, California and comprises most of Death Valley National Park. Death Valley is significant to the United States geography because it is considered the lowest point in the contiguous U.S. at an elevation of -282 feet (-86 m). The region is also one of the hottest and driest in the country. The Vast Area Death Valley has an area of about 3,000 square miles (7,800 sq km) and runs from the north to the south. It is bounded by the Amargosa Range to the east, the Panamint Range to the west, the Sylvania Mountains to the north and the Owlshead Mountains to the south. From Lowest to Highest Death Valley is located only 76 miles (123 km) from Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous U.S. at 14,505 feet (4,421 m). The Climate The climate of Death Valley is arid and because it is bounded by mountains on all sides, hot, dry air masses often get trapped in the valley. Therefore, extremely hot temperatures are not uncommon in the area. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134Â °F (57.1Â °C) at Furnace Creek on July 10, 1913. Temperature Average summer temperatures in Death Valley frequently exceed 100Â °F (37Â °C) and the average August high temperature for Furnace Creek is 113.9Â °F (45.5Â °C). By contrast, the average January low is 39.3Â °F (4.1Â °C). The Big Basin Death Valley is a part of the U.S. Basin and Range province as it is a low point surrounded by very high mountain ranges. Geologically, basin and range topography is formed by fault movement in the region that causes the land to drop down to form valleys and land to rise up to form mountains. Salt in the Land Death Valley also contains salt pans which indicate that the area was once a large inland sea during the Pleistocene epoch. As the Earth began to warm into the Holocene, the lake in Death Valley evaporated to what it is today. The Native Tribe Historically, Death Valley has been home to Native American tribes and today, the Timbisha tribe, which has been in the valley for at least 1,000 years, inhabits the region. Becoming a National Monument On February 11, 1933, Death Valley was made a National Monument by President Herbert Hoover. In 1994, the area was re-designated as a National Park. Vegetation Most of the vegetation in Death Valley consists of low-lying shrubs or no vegetation unless near a water source. At some of Death Valleys higher locations, Joshua Trees and Bristlecone Pines can be found. In the spring after winter rains, Death Valley is known to have large plant and floral blooms in its wetter areas. Wildlife Death Valley is home to many different types of small mammals, birds, and reptiles. There are also a variety of larger mammals in the area which include Bighorn Sheep, coyotes, bobcats, kit foxes and mountain lions.To learn more about Death Valley, visit the official website of Death Valley National Park. References Wikipedia. (2010, March 16). Death Valley - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_ValleyWikipedia. (2010, March 11). Death Valley National Park - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park

Community safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Community safety - Essay Example Plans for fire safety then must be customized to suit not only the building residents but also the height of the buildings and sheer numbers of people living there. This report addresses these needs and lays out the problems and fire safety regulations that must be considered when developing a fire safety strategy. Quoting the Chief Fire Officer’s Association (2008) â€Å"We welcome... guidance which helps to manage the relationship between the Housing Act 2004 and the Fire Safety Order by offering advice and assistance to enforcers, landlords, managing agents and tenants, amongst others, on ways to make residential buildings safe from fire, regardless of which piece of legislation is relevant. When it comes to fire safety, everyone involved has an interest. A necessary element in understanding what is presented in this report lies in an understanding of the theory of community safety, how and what it is intended to achieve. Elsworth et al put it succinctly in their program theory approach to communities living with the threat of fire. â€Å"A theory of the way a program works... provides the starting point for planning evaluations in a wide variety of fields... The focus is on strategies that produce desired positive outcomes† (Elsworth et al, 2008: para. 1-2). At the core of any fire safety programme are agencies, institutions, individuals, families and the community itself working in partnership toward the desired outcome of community fire safety. The programme itself, developed from current literature, succinct goals, objectives and strategies, and intimate interaction between all participants produces a theory of change that gives good results. (Elsworth et al, 2008). In our particular case any programme theory of community fire safety must include a long list of participants: migrant individuals and their families, educational institutions, local utilities and fire fighting agencies, local officials, and to a great extent, the entire community in which

Heritage Education and Interpretation Dissertation

Heritage Education and Interpretation - Dissertation Example Assessment Details Remember all parts of the Assessment are compulsory. Suggested Timescale Before Placement. †¢ Complete Task 1 – Skills Audit. During First Week. (w/c 1st May 2006) †¢ Contact Niesha Nicholson to confirm your placement details. †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Second Week. (w/c 8th May 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete 1 Learning Log Sheet. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Third Week. (w/c 15th May 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Fourth Week. (w/c 22rd May 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete 1 Learning Log Sheet. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Fifth Week. (w/c 29th May 2006) †¢ Placement Co-ordinator to make contact. †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Sixth Week. (w/c 5th June 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete 1 Learning Log Sheet. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Seventh Week (w/c 12th June 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. During Eighth Week. (w/c 19th June 2006) †¢ Complete 5 Daily Journal Sheets, one for each day. †¢ Complete 1 Learning Log Sheet. †¢ Complete CHNTO skills list. Assignment 1 Task 1 – Personal Skills Audit ... You can then look for development opportunities during your work experience. Please answer all the questions by ticking one of the boxes. Do not spend too long thinking about the answers, if you do not know if the question applies to you then tick 'don't know'. The audit should take no more than 15 minutes. You are examining your skills as they are now, not trying to tick every Yes box. There are no right or wrong answers. Remember - you are postgraduates, some of these skills will already be familiar to you! Personal Skills Audit Yes No Don't Know 1. As part of your course are you required to write a number of different written documents, essays, reports, etc. X 2. Do you make a point of listening attentively and seeking to understand what other people say X 3. Have you recently given a presentation to more than five people X 4. Have you recently worked with others, as part of a team, towards a goal or to complete a task X 5. Do you consistently meet and/or exceed targets (i.e. deadlines) X 6. Do you enjoy the challenge of solving problems X 7. Do you regularly analyse your performance and try to learn from it X 8. Do you identify ways of improving you own performance X 9. Are you familiar with the functions of a calculator and confident in applying them X 10. Are you able to use the different software packages available on the University PC clusters (Word, Excel, etc.) X 11. When writing an essay do you always prepare and work to an outline plan or structure X 12. Can you quickly establish a rapport with someone you've never met before X 13. Do you use a range of visual aids when giving a presentation, e.g. OHP's, flip chart, PowerPoint X 14. Have you made a substantial contribution to the planning and

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK Assignment

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK - Assignment Example The site was also well maintained and retained its functionality at all times. This facilitated study and contributed to the preparation for the final papers. At a personal level, the course was an eye opener to opportunities that exist for personal career growth and development. From the presentation of the course outline, it was clear that the training offered would be rigorous as well as holistic in its approach to the subject. The learning program was full of fun due to the practical activities that enabled me to learn by doing thus breaking the monotony of theory. Being able to interact freely with classmates and have meaningful discussions always made me feel valued due to the positive responses I got from colleagues. The tutors were always helpful and gave their support over and above what they were obliged to do. As a result, the course has contributed to my pursuance of the goal of attaining professional skills to ensure that I enter the job market when planned. Secondly, my goal to help disseminate knowledge has also been enhanced as I have acquired education that will propel me to teaching positions in future. Currently, I am a ble to share knowledge acquired through discussions with colleagues. I will build upon the training obtained to open opportunities for further studies and become a course tutor. The course has also enabled me to practice my values in pursuance of success. Since I am a hardworking and dedicated person, I have been able to concentrate on the rigorous work so as to finish assignments in time and to read all material in the time allocated as required. I have also utilized my strengths to advance performance both in class and outside of class. In the class environment, my ability to understand learnt material and put it to practical use has tremendously improved. Each time I learn a new concept, I almost certainly evaluate how to put it into practice. Finally, the rubric was written clearly and precisely. This enabled me

Stakeholder theory and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

Stakeholder theory and Strategy - Essay Example Subsequently, the study elucidates how significant stakeholder relationships are in a firm’s enduring existence and survival. Likewise, the paper attempts to concisely illustrate the importance of firms’ employing stakeholder management in their day-to-day operations at the same time succinctly presents how the use of stakeholder analysis can advance corporation efficiency and facilitate a corporation’s effectual policy/decision-making. For the investigation’s methodology, it makes use of the qualitative research employing the interpretivist/inductive stance mode of inquiry. It then concludes with the premise that stakeholders can provide the firm with access to the resources and capabilities that they own, create, and control only if the corporation promotes the stakeholders’ interests or stakes and thus offers the stakeholders opportunities for achieving their objectives. This premise directly follows from the dynamics that create organizations stating that an organization is an amalgamation of people who interact with each other in particular and often repeated ways over some period of time. To attract people to its activities and thereby to assure its continued existence, an organisation must bring some form of benefit—whether psychological, social, cultural, professional, or economic —to the people who participate in its activities. The word stakeholder is compellingly authoritative (Phillips, Freeman, & Wicks, 2003) due to its all-inclusive and at the same time logical depiction of how organizations conduct their business and day-to-day existence. In his pioneering work, Freeman (1984) recommended a stakeholder method to strategic management, inferring that it is imperative for organisations to pay attention to those who affect and are affected by the corporate actions. From that time on, stakeholder theory has become a ‘middle-of-the-road’

Living with Stigma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living with Stigma - Case Study Example The purpose of this paper is age-related and Mrs. D evidently comes as a gritty person in spite of her age and ailment. She would not be living as an 81-year old otherwise. Nonetheless, Mrs. D is labeled as an old person, a substance abuser and as a patient. This label separates her from the others and there appears to be bias in her treatment as also the entire approach as a patient. In other words, she is living with the stigma of age. Mrs. D is a gritty old lady. She has lived life on her terms and is content to continue living on her own terms. It is not mentioned if she is in a nursing home (NH) or in residential care or assisted living (RC-AL). Nonetheless, she is living in some protective environment where visitors are allowed. She is also receiving medical care as a patient. Mrs. D has visitors. Her daughter visits her once a week. Other friends and relatives may visit periodically without any regular commitment. Due to her age, people who visit do so with some preconceived notion that they feel will be relevant to the aged. This is not just an ordinary visit. It is a visit to a place where people are left to die. It is the place where people come to spend the last days of their lives. Then there are other inmates and the staff. The inmates and staff perform according to the rules of the institution. The all-pervasive rules are noticeable in the atmosphere. Undoubtedly the place has some means of entertainment such as the television. However, the genuine love and care that is found in familial environment is missing (Becca R. Levy) The atmosphere is negative due to the label under which Mrs. D and her ilk are made to live. Stigmatization has three interrelated components. First, dominant cultural beliefs link undesirable characteristics to labeled persons. Second, labeled persons are placed in distinct categories so as to separate "them" from "us." Third, the labeled persons experience status loss and discrimination that result in unequal outcomes (Debra Dobbs et al). Therapeutic Intervention Mrs. D can continue to lead normal life. This is possible if the younger generation allow Mrs. D to live on her terms. The treatment for osteoporosis and substance abuse can continue on regular basis. The problem is not about treatment but about attitudes. The aged can endure the treatment, but it is difficult to perceive if they can endure the negative attitudes about them. Undoubtedly, the line of treatment for the aged cannot be the same as that of the younger generation. The psychology, and physiology of the aged change and they require different doses that go along with their diagnosis and symptoms. The digestive system, including the kidneys and liver, slow down with age. There is the need for support when walking. There are cases of dementia. The notion that youngsters have about the aged is not altogether wrong. The aged do need care and they also need to be tended with love and respect. However, the aged can live much of the time alone and can look after themselves with only marginal support of the younger generation (Richard T. Penson). What they need is assistance when required. They can be devastated if there is nobody to lend a hand

Performance appraisal memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance appraisal memo - Essay Example Most of the blenderized mixtures depend on fresh or frozen fruit, complemented with wheat grass, bee pollen, brewer’s yeast and ginseng that are optional boosters. Additionally, Jamba Juice Company also sells bread, gourmet soft pretzels and soups. During its tenure, the group was hard working and completed projects on time. In fact, it was the first group to deliver their proposal and this was because the group and its members were determined in meeting the deadlines they set. These accomplishments made the group build a Jamba Juice in the San Antonio Airport in time, efficiently and effectively. Still, there were some problems within the group that need some improvements. For instance, one of its members was not willing to work as a team. On the other hand, the individual was greedy, he wanted good grades for himself, and hence taking too much than he needed. To achieve more in their activities, the group member should be willing to work with others and also consider others in the activities involved. In the end, there was no cohesion between group members and the individual, therefore helping them to accomplish their projects. This led to the group’s successful completion in building a Jamba Juice Company in the San Antonio Airport (Perron & Dembecki,

Living with Stigma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Living with Stigma - Case Study Example The purpose of this paper is age-related and Mrs. D evidently comes as a gritty person in spite of her age and ailment. She would not be living as an 81-year old otherwise. Nonetheless, Mrs. D is labeled as an old person, a substance abuser and as a patient. This label separates her from the others and there appears to be bias in her treatment as also the entire approach as a patient. In other words, she is living with the stigma of age. Mrs. D is a gritty old lady. She has lived life on her terms and is content to continue living on her own terms. It is not mentioned if she is in a nursing home (NH) or in residential care or assisted living (RC-AL). Nonetheless, she is living in some protective environment where visitors are allowed. She is also receiving medical care as a patient. Mrs. D has visitors. Her daughter visits her once a week. Other friends and relatives may visit periodically without any regular commitment. Due to her age, people who visit do so with some preconceived notion that they feel will be relevant to the aged. This is not just an ordinary visit. It is a visit to a place where people are left to die. It is the place where people come to spend the last days of their lives. Then there are other inmates and the staff. The inmates and staff perform according to the rules of the institution. The all-pervasive rules are noticeable in the atmosphere. Undoubtedly the place has some means of entertainment such as the television. However, the genuine love and care that is found in familial environment is missing (Becca R. Levy) The atmosphere is negative due to the label under which Mrs. D and her ilk are made to live. Stigmatization has three interrelated components. First, dominant cultural beliefs link undesirable characteristics to labeled persons. Second, labeled persons are placed in distinct categories so as to separate "them" from "us." Third, the labeled persons experience status loss and discrimination that result in unequal outcomes (Debra Dobbs et al). Therapeutic Intervention Mrs. D can continue to lead normal life. This is possible if the younger generation allow Mrs. D to live on her terms. The treatment for osteoporosis and substance abuse can continue on regular basis. The problem is not about treatment but about attitudes. The aged can endure the treatment, but it is difficult to perceive if they can endure the negative attitudes about them. Undoubtedly, the line of treatment for the aged cannot be the same as that of the younger generation. The psychology, and physiology of the aged change and they require different doses that go along with their diagnosis and symptoms. The digestive system, including the kidneys and liver, slow down with age. There is the need for support when walking. There are cases of dementia. The notion that youngsters have about the aged is not altogether wrong. The aged do need care and they also need to be tended with love and respect. However, the aged can live much of the time alone and can look after themselves with only marginal support of the younger generation (Richard T. Penson). What they need is assistance when required. They can be devastated if there is nobody to lend a hand

An investigation into the use of science by one environmental advocacy Assignment

An investigation into the use of science by one environmental advocacy body in relation to environmental issues - Assignment Example The memorandum also concerns about how to guide the human beings for understanding the responsibility to prevent the world from the dangerous interferences of the environment change. Though every government of the industrialised nations had agreed to take adequate measures by setting specific targets as well as timetables for the reduction of carbon-dioxide emission along with other greenhouse gases but such initiatives have not resulted in any concrete outcomes as the entire world is witnessing an escalation of varied critical environmental concerns day-by-day (Hohnen, n.d.). Therefore, with regard to this booming issue, Greenpeace, a non-profit organisation has devoted its activities in order to improve as well as preserve the ecology of the planet as well as environment (Greenpeace, 2013). The objective of the report is to measure the contribution to debate on climate change by Greenpeace and to critically assess the connection between its values and interests, its advocacy positi ons and its use of science. Contribution of Greenpeace to Debate on Climate Change Greenpeace is a globally recognised non-profit organisation that executes passive actions to reduce the prevalent threats to environment. Greenpeace aims to shield as well as conserve the environment through promoting peace by revealing, investigating as well as confronting ecological abuses. The organisation has driven its initiatives by holding a lot of conferences challenging the political as well as trade along with industry powers that are being involved in performing certain detrimental activities for the environment. Greenpeace is the voice of millions of followers worldwide who are environmentally as well as socially responsible for the current as well as future generation. In addition, for inspiring the whole world regarding the concern about environmental cleanliness, the organisation has highlighted various issues through media releases, meetings, by organising petitions as well as through its websites among others. In 1992, after the contractual signature of the FCCC, the head of Greenpeace science team named Dr. Leggett wrote a book on the causes as well as consequences of the climate change. Along with it, Dr. Leggett also conducted meetings with numerous industrialists for sharing the assessment of climate science as well as its implications. In this context, Greenpeace acquires massive affirmative responses from insurance industry for starting the scientific reinforcement through evaluating the risk to the future world. In terms of involvement, the organisation continuously raises its voice against Canada for protecting the Arctic from oil spills. The oil companies always endeavour to demonstrate political power and impulsively pollute water as well as air that are threatening people’s conventional way of existence. Besides, Greenpeace also makes constructive approaches in order to reduce the scientific chemical hazards that fatally harm the ecology of the world. Standing on this solemn situation of the globe, the organisation has promoted a lot of pertinent policies for eliminating the bane of such critical

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay

Background Of Pulmonary Edema Health And Social Care Essay Heart failure is a medical condition that consequences as the heart is incapable to supply adequate blood flow to convene metabolic necessities or contain systemic venous arrival. According to Conte and Clinton (2012), this widespread state influences over 5 million individuals in the United States at an expense of $10-38 billion annually. In this paper, we will discuss a type of heart failure, Pulmonary Edema. Considering its etiology, types, and symptoms, we will also discuss the methodologies of its treatment. Introduction Pulmonary edema is a situation due to reason of surplus liquid in the lungs. This kind of liquid collects inside oxygen sacks inside lungs, rendering it hard to inhale and exhale (Kapoor, 2011). Typically, heart disease cause pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema can be generally put into cardiogenic and also non-cardiogenic reasons. Cardiogenic factors behind pulmonary edema are a result of high pressure in the arteries from the lung due to poor heart function. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema could be frequently brought on by Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Renal failure, quick incline so that you can large altitudes greater than 10,000 ft, The rapidly increasing lung, a great overdose in strong drugs or methadone, Pain killers drug or even chronic large dosage utilization of aspirin, or in unusual instances pulmonary embolism, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a few infections, or perhaps eclampsia in pregnant women. Most sufferers with pulmonary edema inside internal medicine section tend to be elderly, having ischaemic heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, plus a previous history of pulmonary edema. The entire mortality will be large (in-hospital, 12%) and the predictors connected with large in-hospital fatality are related to remaining ventricular myocardial operate. Pulmonary vessels generate a great disproportion in the startling pressure, ultimately causing increase in the liquid filtering into the interstitial, spaces with the bronchi that exceeds the lymphatic system capacity to drain the particular liquids apart, increasing quantities associated with smooth leak into the alveolar room, the particular lymphatic system drain pipes extra extracellular fluid quantity. In the event the alveolar tissue is damaged, the particular liquid builds up in the alveoli. Hypoxemia grows if the alveolar tissue layer is thickened simply by simply fluid which affects exchange of air and also as fluid fills opening and alveolar area, lung complying decreases and air diffusion. The most common symptom of pulmonary edema will be breathlessness or perhaps breathlessness. Additional common symptoms can sometimes include easy tiredness, more rapidly developing difficulty breathing than usual having typical exercise (dyspnea in exertion), quick inhaling (tachypnea), dizziness, or weak point. Etiology and Overview: The etiology of pulmonary edema is divided into two groups: Cardiogenic: It is defined as pulmonary edema because of amplified capillary hydrostatic pressure minor to prominent pulmonary venous stress. It reflects the accretion of liquid with low-protein substance in the lungs and alveoli as a consequence of cardiac malfunction. It is caused by high pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of liquid into the pulmonary artery and alveoli. Myocardial infarction is the universal discovery in these sufferers following-on in left ventricular malfunction and greater than before hydrostatic pressure (Bajwa Kulshrestha, 2012). Non-Cardiogenic: This is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), is caused by changes in permeability of the pulmonary capillary membrane as a result of either a direct or an indirect pathologic insult. The major reasons of non-cardigenic PE are Drowning, Acute glomerulonephritis, Fluid overload, infections and mismatch during blood transfusion, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, anxiety, Inhalation injury, allergic effects, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), distress, inhalation of polluted air, Hanta virus (caused by rats having symptoms alike flu), etc. Statistics: With a getting old population and growing figures of patients enduring severe myocardial infarcts, there is a rising figure of patients with pulmonary edema. Heart malfunctioning is the most universal reason of admittance to hospital in the Medicare population in America, and more or less a million patients (978,000) were hospitalized with the identification of pulmonary edema in 1998. Other western states, for instance, Australia and the UK possess a likewise high occurrence. Authorized researches reveal that 746 per year, 62 per month, 14 per week, and 2 per day deaths are reported due to pulmonary edema. Physiology and Pathophysiology: According to Plummer and Campagnaro (2013), timely diagnosis of pulmonary edema is necessary as the situation is finely supervised by abolishing the neurogenic activator. A circulatory system of a normal person functions such that the flow of fluid from pulmonary capillaries to lungs equals removal of fluid by pulmonary lymphatic and the normal pulmonary capillary pressure is about8 mmHg. Signs and symptoms: Pulmonary Edema can be initially diagnosed by considering the symptoms such as Dyspnea (trouble in inhalation), orthopnea (conciseness of breathing), nervousness or sentiment of imminent destiny, frothy-pink or salmon-colored sputum (coughed-up matter), Cyanosis (bluish dermal state), paleness, Diaphoresis (extreme sweating), difficulty to laze horizontal, and reduced predictive indications such as Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in body tissue), irregular blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and enlarged pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Physical exam Patients suffering from pulmonary edema can demonstrate vital signs showing tachypnea (state of hasty inhalation), tachycardia (fast heart rate), and hypotension (irregular low blood pressure). Integument exam can reveal skin paleness and another condition of Livedo Reticularis i.e. skin yellowing, emerging with marks. Pulmonary exam shows atypical panting sounds with infrequent wheezing and odd breathing pattern with employment of secondary muscles. Cardiac exam exposes Pulsus alternans a state of discontinuous weak and strong pulse which can be an indication of left ventricular malfunction in Congestive Heart Failure and abnormal hums in cardiac diaphragm. Pathophysiology: Pulmonary edema grows when the transport of fluid from the blood vessels to the interstitial gap and in a number of cases to the alveoli surpass the arrival of fluid to the blood by route of the lymphatic. It is initiated by discrepancy in Starling pressures and crucial injury to a variety of constituents of the alveolar capillary membrane. Also, the order of fluid exchange and accumulation in the lungs and air sacs is disturbed. The pulmonary edema is represented upon three separate successive phases: Phase 1 amplification in transport of fluid from blood capillaries to the interstitial gap Phase 2 lymphatic does not follow fast pace and fluid and colloid start to amass Phase 3 alveolar capillary membrane is incredibly slender and bursts instantly, consequently alveolar overflow takes place Treatment: When evaluating the patients, a chest x-ray is essential in differentiating between aspiration pneumonitis and pulmonary edema (Udeshi, Pierre, Cantie, 2010). The goal of treatment of patients of pulmonary edema is to reduce pulmonary venous and capillary strain, enhance cardiac output, and correct the fundamental pathological conduct. Offering oxygen is the first step in therapy regarding pulmonary edema. You always obtain oxygen via a face mask or even nasal cannula à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ a flexible plastic material tube having 2 openings that provide inhalation to both nostrils. Preload decreasing drugs lower pressure brought on by smooth starting the heart and lungs. Morphine (Astramorph) may be used to relieve shortness of breath and also anxiety. Afterload reducers widen your blood vessels and also take a pressure insert away your heartà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ventricle. Later treatments include drug and oxygen therapy. The process of Drug therapy is slightly complicated as compared to the oxygen treatment. The application of loop diuretics e.g., torsemide, bumetanide, furosemide renders vasodilation and reduces pulmonary blocking. Besides, overseeing metolazone for treatment of Congestive Heart Failure is an important aspect here. Vasodilators provide dilation of vascular artery, consequently lessening the pulmonary vascular pressure. Morphine sulfate tends to cause venous dilation and Aminophylline is prescribed after the signs of wheezing are seen. Oxygen therapy is relatively an easy process for the treatment of patients of pulmonary edema. An uncomplicated technique of Intubation is employed. However, motorized ventilation may perhaps be essential, depending on the severity of disease. Other processes are continuous positive airway pressure PAP method of respiratory ventilation mainly to avoid tracheal intubation and bi-level PAP used when airway is required with the accumulation of pressure maintenance. Swan-Ganz catheter The pulmonary artery catheter is commonly known as Swan-Ganz catheter, may be the incorporation of catheter in a pulmonary artery. The objective is diagnosis (assessment and inference); also utilized to identify heart failure or sepsis, observe therapy, and assess the consequences of medications. The pulmonary artery catheter permits undeviating, concurrent analysis regarding pressures inside right atrium, ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium. Conclusion As we have already considered the statistics regarding the pulmonary edema, although it is becoming common these, yet prevention of every disease is possible. The patients who already are suffering from this, shall adhere firmly to treatment and comply with the directions given by their physicians, they should make certain that they spend their daily life according to the doctors advices and counseling, such that their situation remains under control. Also, a healthy person, to avoid pulmonary edema if follows a fit, well balanced meal and continue with an suggested bodyweight according to his age and height, his danger of developing pulmonary edema will be a great deal lesser than a person who does not follow the tips of living a healthy life.

Bullying in Schools Essay -- Bullying Essays

Introduction Bullying has been a part of schooling for as long as children have been congregating. To some it seems like a natural, though uncomfortable, part of life and school experience, while to others it can mean terrifying experiences which spoiled and characterized otherwise happy years in school. Dan Olweus, a pioneer in bully behavior research documented that 2.7 million children are affected as victims, and that 2.1 children act as bullies (Fried, 1997, as cited in Aluedse, 2006). With bullying cited as the reason for violent, gun-related crime in the past few years, school districts as well as national governments have put anti-bullying policies in place. Bullying is a complicated phenomenon, involving more than one child demanding lunch money from a smaller child. It is a worldwide epidemic hitting schools everywhere. Virtually everyone has seen or experienced bullying. With technological advances, bullying is even hitting the internet. Parents, teachers, students and governments agen cies alike are attempting to put a stop to bullying practices. I chose to write about bullying because I experienced it first hand while working in Japan. As an English teacher at Tomobe Junior High School in Kasama, Japan, I witnessed how one twelve year old boy routinely abused not only his schoolmates, but physically assaulted teachers as well. At times when all students were seated, he walked around the classroom and picked on the other students; I saw how the classroom teacher glanced at him then turned his head so he would not bear witness and need to act. I saw how this boy verbally bullied his classmates by yelling and making comments in a hostile, insolent tone; I saw how he would often get physical and smack, shove, push an... ..., K., & Coie, J. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146-1158. Fried, S. (1997). Bullies and victims: Children abusing children. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 19, 127-133. Olweus, D. (1984). Aggressors and their victims: Bullying at school. In N. Fmde & H. Gault (Eds.), Disruptive behavior in schools. New York: Wiley. Smith, P., & Sharp, S. (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge. Roland E., & Munthe E. (1997). The 1996 Norwegian program for preventing and managing bullying in schools. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 18, 233–247. Ross, D. M. (1996). Childhood bullying and teasing: What school personnel, other professionals, and parents can do. Virginia: American Counseling Association.

Its Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act Essay -- Argumentative

It's Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act In 1973, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act. The Act was passed in response to findings by Congress that growth and development were responsible for the extinction of species of fish, wildlife and plants. This Act was to provide programs to protect species identified as either endangered or threatened. It also mandated Federal agencies and departments to protect endangered and threatened species in their own operations, as well as work with State and local agencies to further promote conservation and protection of identified species. By the definition of the Endangered Species Act, a species covered by the legislation is either classified â€Å"Endangered† if threatened with extinction, or â€Å"Threatened† if in a state of decline that might place it on the endangered list. As of 23 March 2003, 1262 species of plants and animals were listed as endangered or threatened by the Endangered Species Act, with thirty-three species proposed for listing. To date, twenty-six species have been removed from the list, either due to recovery or the discovery of new information about their status, while seven were removed due to becoming extinct. THIRTY YEARS LATER: NEW LOOKS AT THE SUCCESS OF THE ACT There are concerns about the Endangered Species Act upon business, industry, and property owners, as well as Wildlife groups, about the effectiveness of the Act in protecting and restoring listed species. A report from the Ecological Society of America entitled â€Å"Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act†, calls upon the Federal government to adopt a more-proactive approach in species preservation. They note that by the time a species... ... important. But anything worth doing is worth doing right. The Act should be reformed in a manner which will increase cooperation by all interested parties, and in doing so, help us reach the ultimate objective of the Endangered Species Act. SOURCES: Ecological Society of America, The. â€Å"Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act† http://www.esa.org/publications/esarpt.htm National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition http://www.nesarc.org/ National Wildlife Institute. â€Å"Conservation Under the Endangered Species Act: A Promise Broken† http://www.nwi.org/SpecialStudies/ESAstudy.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. â€Å"Endangered Species Information† U.S. Fish http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. â€Å"The Endangered Species Act of 1973† http://endangered.few.gov/esa.html It's Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act Essay -- Argumentative It's Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act In 1973, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act. The Act was passed in response to findings by Congress that growth and development were responsible for the extinction of species of fish, wildlife and plants. This Act was to provide programs to protect species identified as either endangered or threatened. It also mandated Federal agencies and departments to protect endangered and threatened species in their own operations, as well as work with State and local agencies to further promote conservation and protection of identified species. By the definition of the Endangered Species Act, a species covered by the legislation is either classified â€Å"Endangered† if threatened with extinction, or â€Å"Threatened† if in a state of decline that might place it on the endangered list. As of 23 March 2003, 1262 species of plants and animals were listed as endangered or threatened by the Endangered Species Act, with thirty-three species proposed for listing. To date, twenty-six species have been removed from the list, either due to recovery or the discovery of new information about their status, while seven were removed due to becoming extinct. THIRTY YEARS LATER: NEW LOOKS AT THE SUCCESS OF THE ACT There are concerns about the Endangered Species Act upon business, industry, and property owners, as well as Wildlife groups, about the effectiveness of the Act in protecting and restoring listed species. A report from the Ecological Society of America entitled â€Å"Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act†, calls upon the Federal government to adopt a more-proactive approach in species preservation. They note that by the time a species... ... important. But anything worth doing is worth doing right. The Act should be reformed in a manner which will increase cooperation by all interested parties, and in doing so, help us reach the ultimate objective of the Endangered Species Act. SOURCES: Ecological Society of America, The. â€Å"Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act† http://www.esa.org/publications/esarpt.htm National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition http://www.nesarc.org/ National Wildlife Institute. â€Å"Conservation Under the Endangered Species Act: A Promise Broken† http://www.nwi.org/SpecialStudies/ESAstudy.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. â€Å"Endangered Species Information† U.S. Fish http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. â€Å"The Endangered Species Act of 1973† http://endangered.few.gov/esa.html

Toronto Sun

| | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION This preliminary project scope statement defines the scope of The Toronto Sun Caribana Parade Project. The project deals with managing a major sponsorship event for the Toronto sun and its presence in the city’s annual caribana parade, on Aug 2, 2008 at 10:00AM. The main challenge is to make the company’s float a success. The Toronto sun earned its place in the parade as the primary media sponsor for the event. Pulling the company’s float from the biggest event in the city would mean gaining valuable marketing exposure. PRODUCT & PROJECT OBJECTIVESProject objective is to manage Toronto Sun’s involvement at the Caribana Festival before August 2, 2008 (within 40 days) which includes:- * Designing and deployment of a parade float (i. e. Flat Bed Truck, Pieces of Float, and Design) * Hiring of entertainment and production materials. * Recruitment and management of volunteers, truck drivers and entertainers. * Giveaways (i. e. volun teer Kits, Bright Color Designed T-Shirts, Mardi-Gras Necklaces, Sunscreen, water bottles, snack foods containing Granola Bars & Fruit, Whistles and Assorted Candies. Decorating the float with advertising banners and other aesthetic elements of parade day tasks on the day of parade. * Cost not to exceed $400 cash in addition to contra advertisements. * Importance to show Toronto Sun’s presence during the festival as a Major Sponsor providing the return on investment and contribution to overall business of Toronto sun. PRODUCT OR SERVICE REQUIREMENT AND CHARACTERSTICS Product Acceptance Criteria:- Project MUST be completed by Aug 02, 2008 on Parade Day. Cost Constraint which includes a budget of $400 only. Requirement of TRUCK Flat Bed on Aug 01, 2008 before 10:00AM.Safety Waiver Forms for all the participants MUST be signed before 09:30AM on Aug 02, 2008. Driver of Truck should be at the venue at parade day sharp 09:00AM for 8hrs. Sign IN of float by FMC by on parade day. PRO JECT BOUNDARIES * Time Constraint The project has to be completed on and before 10:00AM Aug 02, 2008. * Scope Constraint The project has many deliverables dependent on many stakeholders (internal & external). * Cost Constraint Cost not to be exceeded by $400 cash and contra advertisements only. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS & DELIVERABLES S. No. | DELIVERABLE| REQUIREMENT| | Float| Design & Assembly of Float| 2| Banners| Color & Placement of Banners on Float| 3| Truck Driver| Must be available for minimum 08:00hrs on the day of parade| 4| T-Shirt| Bright Colored T-Shirts with â€Å"Toronto Sun Caribana† written on it. | 5| Waivers| Appropriate Volunteer Waiver Forms for legal department/requirements. | 6| Giveaways| Assorted Candies, Whistles and Necklace (Mardi Gras)| 7| Entertainers| Requirement of Live Band/DJ Radio/Pre-recorded Music| 8| Truck/Tractor/Trailer| Must have a safe and easy access place for keeping giveaways. 9| Volunteer Kits| Snack food including Granola Bars & Fruit , Sunscreen, Water Bottle. | PROJECT ORGANISATION CHART INITIAL DEFINED RISKS Bad Weather Delay in float preparation Driver doesn’t show up Fire on float Flat tire of float Less volunteers show up Delay in banners Less sponsors for contra advertisements Delay in FMC Permission Delay in t-shirts and wrong printing/wrong color used SCHEDULE MILESTONES Volunteer Management Entertainment & Materials Sign In of float by FMC Float design completion INITIAL WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TRACEABILITY MATRIX PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACHThe project manager Samantha Morrison is a senior promotions coordinator at the Toronto Sun. She will be responsible for timely availability of the deliverables within a short span of time. Samantha Morrison has been recently hired as a senior promotions coordinator at the Toronto sun. Larissa Presso will be the authorizing the project and she is the ‘’ voice of the customer’’. Samantha Morrison will be dealing with design departmen t and the human resources department as well as the legal department to make the deliverables available. She will be taking permissions from the fmc representatives to bring in the float.The cost and time constraints are not flexible as the project has to be completed within 56 days and with $400 approved for the budget. The scope is flexible as the size of the float can be varied, the colour and size of the T-shirt, size of the banners and the number of advertisement to be put on the float. The budget for the project is 400$ but Samantha can get materials and services by the means of contra advertisement. The major project deliverables will be: The float, the truck driver, the T-shirts, the volunteer kits. Approved by the Project sponsor: PROJECT SPONSOR DATE: